There are many types of antibiotics that can be used to treat Hib infections, but due to the aggressive nature of the Hib bacterium, children die despite receiving the proper treatment. In addition, if the infection was not diagnosed immediately, the chance of serious complications from the infection is even greater.

Children with Hib infections are often extremely ill, requiring additional support with a breathing machine, oxygen, tube-feeding through the nose, and other additional intensive care support. Medications to reduce the swelling of the brain may be employed to prevent permanent brain damage secondary to the infection.