If you have a history of genetic disease or birth defects in your family or are considered at risk for passing along a hereditary disorder based on your ethnic or racial background, your provider may refer you to a genetic counselor, another tool in the prenatal diagnostic arsenal. Genetic counselors certified by the American Board of Genetic Counseling have a C.G.C. designation after their name, which indicates that they have passed a certification exam, have a graduate degree in genetic counseling, and have logged significant clinical training experience.

What It Is

A genetic counselor takes a detailed family and social history and creates a statistical analysis of your child's risk for acquiring genetic or birth defects. She will also provide you with information on the conditions in question and the risks and benefits of further testing and will answer any questions you may have. Some of these tests may involve checking you or your partner for carrier genes, while others test the fetus.

What It Isn't

Some women refuse genetic counseling on the grounds that they would never elect to terminate their pregnancy. However, genetic counseling isn't designed to be a survival of the fittest venture but rather a way to help you and your partner reach an informed decision. A genetic counselor is trained to remain objective and not to attempt to influence your choices. Many couples can and do continue a pregnancy even after testing indicates their child will be born with a serious medical condition or birth defect. Advance knowledge allows a family to prepare emotionally and to create a suitable environment for a special-needs newborn. It can also mean a better outcome for the child to have a medical support network already in place.

(For more on genetic tests and screening, see Appendix A.)