The second column in TABLE 3-1 switches from seeing something in progress to something as completed (hence the name!). The real tricky part in understanding this aspect lies in its point of reference. While “he has run” describes an action that took place in the past, as you can see on the chart, it falls into the “now” time frame. Why? Because the completed aspect emphasizes the point of completion, not the time of the actual act. In the phrase “he has run,” you are really saying that, as of right now, he isn't running anymore. He is finished! English shows this aspect by using present, past, and future forms of its verb “to have” with the past participle. (We'll come back to participles soon.) If you take a closer look at the Latin words, you'll notice that the biggest and most consistent change between aspects appears in the base of the verb: from curr- to cucurr-.