The Word “And”
Latin has three words for “and.” Each treats the items being connected a little differently: “Here are some examples of dogs and cats.”
canēs et fē lē s: et joins two things without making any inference. There are dogs, and there are some cats, too.
canēs atque fē lē s: atque (or ac) joins two things, inferring that they are natural companions. There are dogs, so of course there are cats there as well. Where there's smoke, there's fire.
canēs fē lē sque: -que joins two things that are pairs or opposites and together they complete a set, like salt ‘n’ pepper, top ‘n’ bottom, or raining cats ‘n’ dogs.
The ending -que is an enclitic. An enclitic is more of a half-word than a word. It cannot stand on its own; it must be attached to the end of another word. The enclitic -que is also strange in that it is attached to the end of the second of the two things being joined.
amor, amō ris, m. |
love |
atque (ac), conj. |
and, and so, and naturally, and of course |
autem, conj. |
moreover, on the other hand, but, however |
carcer, -is, m. |
jail |
cē terus, -a, -um |
the rest, the other |
corpus, corporis, n. |
body |
crē dō,-ere, crē didī , crē ditum (+ dative) |
to believe, trust, rely on (lit. to have trust) |
cunctus, -a, -um |
all |
doceō, -ē re, docuī , doctum |
to teach |
ergō, conj. |
therefore, so |
et, conj. |
and, also, too, even |
fugiō , -ere, fū gī , fugitum |
to run away, flee, escape |
hī c, adv. |
here, in this place |
ibi, adv. |
there, in that place |
invī tus, -a, -um |
unwilling |
itaque, conj. |
and so, and therefore (ita + -que) |
mē ns, mentis, f. |
mind |
miser, misera, miserum |
poor, unfortunate, wretched |
modus, -ī, m. |
way, method |
mors, mortis, f. |
death |
mō s, mō ris, m. |
habit, custom, ways (in the plural, character) |
moveē, -ē re, mē vī , mē tum |
to move (physically or emotionally) |
nē ____ quidem, adv. |
not even ____ (e.g., nē pecunia quidem-“not even money”) |
nimis, adv. |
too much, very much |
pā r, paris |
equal, even |
pars, partis, f. |
part, some, direction |
paucī , -ae, -a |
few |
plē nus, -a, -um |
full |
-que, enclitic |
and (see page 114) |
quidem, adv. |
at least, even, in fact (used for emphasis) |
relinquō , relinquere, relī quī , relictum |
to leave behind, abandon |
respondeō, -ē re, respondī , respō nsum |
to answer, respond (usually with a dative) |
sanctus, -a, -um |
holy, consecrated, inviolable |
satis, adv. |
enough |
similis, -e |
similar, like |
stō , stā re, stetī , statum |
to stand |
ut (utī), conj. |
like, as, when |
valeō, -ē re, -uī, -itum |
to be strong, be well |
vī vō , -ere, vī xī , vī ctum |
to live |
vocō -ā re, -ā vī, -ā tum |
to call, summon |
Latin-to-English Translations
Translate these Latin sentences into English:
Mens virī nōn valē bat.
Amor mā tris filiō aegrō mē permō vit.
Deī deaeque hominēs urbium, quī rī tūs sanctōs atque sacrō s numquam observā bant, saepe relī nquebant.
In mediō oppidō stā bant et corpus rē gis mortuī omnibus monstrā vit.
Pars civium lacrimā bant, cē terī gaudē bant.
English-to-Latin Translations
Translate the following sentences into Latin:
After a few months they caught the sad man in the country near Cumae.
Cumae was closer to Rome than Brundisium.
They took the man by ship across the sea.
He came home very unwillingly.
He stayed in jail for many days with the others.
