Italian Practice

The Future Tense, the Conditional Mood, and the Subjunctive

The Subjunctive
The Past Subjunctive
Let's Practice
Pronunciation Exercise: The Letters R and RR

The Subjunctive by Ronald Glenn Wrigley, M.A.

We have seen verbs in the indicative (the mood that expresses or indicates matters of fact), the imperative (the mood that allows speakers to impart commands or exhortations), and the conditional (the mood that allows speakers to convey hypothetical situations). The subjunctive mood expresses a belief, feeling, uncertainty, or opinion, and is often used when the dependent clause is introduced by the declarative conjunction che and the subject of the two clauses is different (if the subject is the same, the subjunctive is not used). Compare these two examples:

Io penso che lui sia un bravo ragazzo. I think he is a nice guy.

Giovanni pensa di stare a casa. Giovanni thinks he'll stay at home.

The subjunctive is used in the dependent clause that follows verbs expressing volition, desire, doubt, opinion, or emotion:

<tgroup cols="2"> <colspec colname="col1" colnum="1" colwidth="50%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <colspec colname="col2" colnum="2" colwidth="50%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <tbody> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>avere paura che</emphasis>…</p></td> <td><p>to be afraid that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>credere che</emphasis>…</p></td> <td><p>to believe that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>desiderare che</emphasis>…</p></td> <td><p>to want that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>dispiacere che</emphasis>…</p></td> <td><p>to be sorry that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>dubitare che</emphasis>…</p></td> <td><p>to doubt that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>non essere sicuro/certo che</emphasis>…</p></td> <td><p>to be sure/certain that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>essere contento/felice che</emphasis>…</p></td> <td><p>to be happy that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>pensare che</emphasis>…</p></td> <td><p>to think that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>preferire che</emphasis>…</p></td> <td><p>to prefer that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>sperare che</emphasis>…</p></td> <td><p>to hope that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>volere che</emphasis>…</p></td> <td><p>to want that…</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </tgroup> </table> <p>The subjunctive is also used after the following impersonal expressions:</p> <table frame="all" width="100%"> <title/> <tgroup cols="2"> <colspec colname="col1" colnum="1" colwidth="50%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <colspec colname="col2" colnum="2" colwidth="50%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <tbody> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>Bisogna che…</emphasis></p></td> <td><p>It is necessary that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>È necessario che…</emphasis></p></td> <td><p>It is necessary that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>È improbabile che…</emphasis></p></td> <td><p>It is improbable that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>È probabile che…</emphasis></p></td> <td><p>It is probable that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>È impossibile che…</emphasis></p></td> <td><p>It is impossible that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>È possibile che…</emphasis></p></td> <td><p>It is possible that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>È bene che…</emphasis></p></td> <td><p>It is good that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>È meglio che…</emphasis></p></td> <td><p>It is better that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>È importante che…</emphasis></p></td> <td><p>It is important that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>È ora che…</emphasis></p></td> <td><p>It is time that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>Pare che…</emphasis></p></td> <td><p>It seems that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>Sembra che…</emphasis></p></td> <td><p>It seems that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>Può darsi che…</emphasis></p></td> <td><p>It is possible that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>È un peccato che…</emphasis></p></td> <td><p>It is a shame that…</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>Si dice che…</emphasis></p></td> <td><p>Rumor has it/People say…</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </tgroup> </table> <p><emphasis>È meglio che tu parta.</emphasis> <emphasis role="Bolditalic">It is better that you leave.</emphasis></p> <p><emphasis>Marco vuole che i suoi genitori vengano a cena.</emphasis> <emphasis role="Bolditalic">Marco wants that his parents come to dinner.</emphasis></p> <p>Below are the present subjunctive conjugations of regular <emphasis>-are, -ere,</emphasis> and <emphasis>-ire</emphasis> verbs.</p> <table frame="all" width="100%"> <title/> <tgroup cols="4"> <colspec colname="col1" colnum="1" colwidth="25%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <colspec colname="col2" colnum="2" colwidth="25%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <colspec colname="col3" colnum="3" colwidth="25%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <colspec colname="col4" colnum="4" colwidth="25%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <thead> <tr> <td><p>parlare</p></td> <td><p>ricevere</p></td> <td><p>dormire</p></td> <td><p>pulire</p></td> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>io parli</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>riceva</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>dorma</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>pulisca</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>tu parli</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>riceva</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>dorma</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>pulisca</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>lui/lei/Lei parli</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>riceva</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>dorma</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>pulisca</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>noi parliamo</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>riceviamo</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>dormiamo</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>puliamo</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>voi parliate</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>riceviate</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>dormiate</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>puliate</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>loro/Loro parlino</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>ricevano</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>dormano</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>puliscano</emphasis></p></td> </tr> </tbody> </tgroup> </table> <p>Below are the present subjunctive conjugations of some irregular verbs:</p> <table frame="all" width="100%"> <title/> <tgroup cols="3"> <colspec colname="col1" colnum="1" colwidth="30%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <colspec colname="col2" colnum="2" colwidth="35%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <colspec colname="col3" colnum="3" colwidth="35%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <thead> <tr> <td><p>tenere</p></td> <td><p>rimanere</p></td> <td><p>bere</p></td> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>io tenga</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>rimanga</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>beva</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>tu tenga</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>rimanga</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>beva</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>lui/lei/Lei tenga</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>rimanga</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>beva</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>noi teniamo</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>rimaniamo</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>beviamo</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>voi teniate</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>rimaniate</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>beviate</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>loro/Loro tengano</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>rimangano</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>bevano</emphasis></p></td> </tr> </tbody> </tgroup> </table> <table frame="all" width="100%"> <title/> <tgroup cols="2"> <colspec colname="col1" colnum="1" colwidth="50%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <colspec colname="col2" colnum="2" colwidth="50%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <thead> <tr> <td><p>essere</p></td> <td><p>avere</p></td> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>io sia</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>abbia</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>tu sia</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>abbia</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>lui/lei/Lei sia</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>abbia</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>noi siamo</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>abbiamo</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>voi siate</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>abbiate</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>loro/Loro siano</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>abbiano</emphasis></p></td> </tr> </tbody> </tgroup> </table> <table frame="all" width="100%"> <title/> <tgroup cols="3"> <colspec colname="col1" colnum="1" colwidth="30%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <colspec colname="col2" colnum="2" colwidth="35%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <colspec colname="col3" colnum="3" colwidth="35%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <thead> <tr> <td><p>dovere</p></td> <td><p>volere</p></td> <td><p>potere</p></td> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>io debba</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>voglia</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>possa</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>tu debba</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>voglia</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>possa</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>lui/lei/Lei debba</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>voglia</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>possa</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>noi dobbiamo</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>vogliamo</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>possiamo</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>voi dobbiate</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>vogliate</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>possiate</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>loro/Loro debbano</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>vogliano</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>possano</emphasis></p></td> </tr> </tbody> </tgroup> </table> <table frame="all" width="100%"> <title/> <tgroup cols="2"> <colspec colname="col1" colnum="1" colwidth="50%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <colspec colname="col2" colnum="2" colwidth="50%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <thead> <tr> <td><p>venire</p></td> <td><p>uscire</p></td> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>io venga</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>esca</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>tu venga</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>esca</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>lui/lei/Lei venga</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>esca</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>noi veniamo</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>usciamo</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>voi veniate</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>usciate</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>loro/Loro vengano</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>escano</emphasis></p></td> </tr> </tbody> </tgroup> </table> <table frame="all" width="100%"> <title/> <tgroup cols="2"> <colspec colname="col1" colnum="1" colwidth="50%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <colspec colname="col2" colnum="2" colwidth="50%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <thead> <tr> <td><p>fare</p></td> <td><p>andare</p></td> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>io faccia</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>vada</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>tu faccia</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>vada</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>lui/lei/Lei faccia</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>vada</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>noi facciamo</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>andiamo</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>voi facciate</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>andiate</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>loro/Loro facciano</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>vadano</emphasis></p></td> </tr> </tbody> </tgroup> </table> <table frame="all" width="100%"> <title/> <tgroup cols="3"> <colspec colname="col1" colnum="1" colwidth="30%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <colspec colname="col2" colnum="2" colwidth="35%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <colspec colname="col3" colnum="3" colwidth="35%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <thead> <tr> <td><p>stare</p></td> <td><p>dire</p></td> <td><p>dare</p></td> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>io stia</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>dica</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>dia</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>tu stia</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>dica</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>dia</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>lui/lei/Lei stia</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>dica</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>dia</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>noi stiamo</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>diciamo</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>diamo</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>voi stiate</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>diciate</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>diate</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>loro/Loro stiano</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>dicano</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>diano</emphasis></p></td> </tr> </tbody> </tgroup> </table> <table frame="all" width="100%"> <title/> <tgroup cols="2"> <colspec colname="col1" colnum="1" colwidth="50%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <colspec colname="col2" colnum="2" colwidth="50%" colsep="0" rowsep="0" align="center"/> <thead> <tr> <td><p>conoscere</p></td> <td><p>sapere</p></td> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>io conosca</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>sappia</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>tu conosca</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>sappia</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>lui/lei/Lei conosca</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>sappia</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>noi conosciamo</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>sappiamo</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>voi conosciate</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>sappiate</emphasis></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><emphasis>loro/Loro conoscano</emphasis></p></td> <td><p><emphasis>sappiano</emphasis></p></td> </tr> </tbody> </tgroup> </table> <h2>Exercise 12: What Do You Think?</h2> <p>Provide a logical ending to each statement.</p> <ul> <li><p><emphasis>Io penso che la guerra…</emphasis> </p></li> <li><p><emphasis>I miei genitori vogliono che io…</emphasis> </p></li> <li><p><emphasis>Il mio miglior amico crede che io…</emphasis> </p></li> <li><p><emphasis>È necessario che mio fratello…</emphasis> </p></li> <li><p><emphasis>Ho paura che…</emphasis> </p></li> <li><p><emphasis>È importante che…</emphasis> </p></li> <li><p><emphasis>Può darsi che…</emphasis> </p></li> <li><p><emphasis>Il mio capo desidera che…</emphasis> </p></li> <li><p><emphasis>Noi siamo sicuri che…</emphasis> </p></li> <li><p><emphasis>Gli americani vogliono che…</emphasis> </p></li> </ul> <h2>Exercise 13: Present Indicative or Present Subjunctive?</h2> <div class="npmo"> <img src="http://0.tqn.com/d/np/italian-practice/track.jpg"> <div class="npcp"><p>TRACK 59</p></div> </div> <p>Listen to Track 59 and repeat each sentence aloud. 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href="http://shop.everything.com/product/the-everything-italian-practice-book-with-cd">THE EVERYTHING ITALIAN PRACTICE BOOK</a></h4><p><a href="http://shop.everything.com/product/the-everything-italian-practice-book-with-cd">By Ronald Glenn Wrigley, M.A.</a></p><div id="fp"><a href="http://shop.everything.com/product/the-everything-italian-practice-book-with-cd">Buy This Book</a></div></div></div> <div id="toc" class="pane"><div class="n3">Italian Practice Sections</div><ul><li><a href="http://www.netplaces.com/italian-practice/top-ten-reasons-to-practice-your-italian/">Top 10 Reasons to Practice Your Italian</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.netplaces.com/italian-practice/nouns-articles-and-adjectives/">Nouns, Articles, and Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.netplaces.com/italian-practice/subject-pronouns-avere-and-essere/">Subject Pronouns, Avere and Essere</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.netplaces.com/italian-practice/first-conjugation-verbs-prepositions-and-telling-time/">First Conjugation Verbs, Prepositions, and Telling Time</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.netplaces.com/italian-practice/second-and-third-conjugation-verbs-and-adverbs/">Second and Third Conjugation Verbs and Adverbs</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.netplaces.com/italian-practice/reflexive-and-reciprocal-verbs-possessives-and-the-present-progressive/">Reflexive and Reciprocal Verbs, Possessives, and the Present Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.netplaces.com/italian-practice/indirect-and-direct-object-pronouns-demonstrative-adjectives/">Indirect and Direct Object Pronouns, Demonstrative Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.netplaces.com/italian-practice/the-impersonal-si-piacere-commands/">The Impersonal Si, Piacere, Commands</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.netplaces.com/italian-practice/the-passato-prossimo-and-the-imperfetto/">The Passato Prossimo and the Imperfetto</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.netplaces.com/italian-practice/the-future-tense-the-conditional-mood-and-the-subjunctive/">The Future Tense, the Conditional Mood, and the Subjunctive</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.netplaces.com/italian-practice/the-final-exam/">The Final Exam</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.netplaces.com/italian-practice/appendix-a-verb-tables/">Italian Verb Tables</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.netplaces.com/italian-practice/appendix-d-answer-key/">Answer Key</a></li> </ul></div></div> <script type="text/javascript">zCi();validateForms();</script> <div id="abf" style="padding-right:0"><ol class="crumbtrail"><li class="home"><a href="http://www.netplaces.com/">Home</a></li><li><a href="http://www.netplaces.com/italian-practice/">Italian Practice</a></li><li><a href="http://www.netplaces.com/italian-practice/the-future-tense-the-conditional-mood-and-the-subjunctive/">The Future Tense, the Conditional Mood, and the Subjunctive</a></li><li>The 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