When a person has diabetes, her body doesn't produce and properly use insulin, the hormone required by the body to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. Prolonged blood-sugar extremes in diabetics can cause loss of consciousness known as a diabetic coma.

What to Watch For

Symptoms of high blood sugar or low blood sugar often appear gradually and some or all of the following symptoms can signal the onset of a diabetic coma:

• Fruity-smelling breath

• Frequent urination

• Fast heart rate

• Deep and rapid breathing

• Extreme thirst

• Dry mouth

• Warm, dry, red skin

• Drowsiness

• Nausea with upper abdominal pain

• Vomiting

• Loss of consciousness

• Agitation, behavior changes, irritability

What to Do

In the case of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia, take the following steps:

• If you know the person is diabetic, or if you find a Medic Alert bracelet stating the person is diabetic, ask if she has taken her required insulin. If she has not or you are unsure, call 911 for help.

• In the case of low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, give her some form of sugar such as fruit juice. Don't give hard candy to someone who is very ill or in an altered state because of the risk of choking.

Many people are aware of how to treat their diabetes and how to test their blood-glucose levels. If tested blood remains below 60 mg/dL or if the person continues to have symptoms of severe hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, or insulin reaction, call 911 and get to an emergency department.