Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of the metabolism resulting in abnormal blood sugar levels, called hyperglycemia. It is caused by low levels of insulin or a resistance to the effects of insulin.

Type I diabetes, also known as insulin dependent, or juvenile onset, diabetes is caused by the inability of the pancreas to produce sufficient insulin. Although the cause is unknown, it is believed to be an autoimmune reaction to a virus or bacterial infection.

Type II diabetes, also known as non-insulin dependent, or adult onset, diabetes, occurs when insulin cannot trigger the conversion of food to energy. This is the most common form of diabetes. Age, obesity, and physical inactivity are major causes. It can also be caused by illness that damages the pancreas. Gestational diabetes occurs in pregnant women, but usually disappears after the birth of the baby.

Pre-diabetes conditions include a higher than normal blood sugar level, which can be treated through diet and exercise. More serious diabetes symptoms include excessive thirst; irregular urination; weight loss; blurred vision; excessive hunger; skin, bladder, and gum infections; numbness in feet; slow-healing wounds; and extreme fatigue. Risk is highest in overweight, inactive people over 45, or those with a family history of the disease.

Diabetes patients are the most likely to develop heart disease and stroke. Diabetes is the leading cause of blindness, kidney disease, limb amputation, and nerve damage. It is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States.

The best weapon against diabetes is a healthy diet and plenty of regular exercise. Follow recommended dietary guidelines, which include getting plenty of whole grains, fresh vegetables, fruits, and low-fat dairy and protein and keeping sugar to a moderate amount.