Diabetes is a common problem in older dogs, especially if they're overweight or have a genetic predisposition to the disease, as some breeds do. It's a disorder of the pancreas gland and develops when the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin — the substance the body uses to drive glucose, or blood sugar, into the cells — or stops producing insulin altogether. When this happens, glucose levels build up in the blood stream instead of being used for energy. The term diabetes mellitus comes from the Greek and means “sugar sickness.”

Diagnosing Diabetes

Your dog may have diabetes if he suddenly seems thirsty all the time and starts needing to urinate much more often as a consequence of drinking so much water. He may even have accidents in the house. Dogs with diabetes often have a ravenous appetite, but they lose weight despite eating everything they can find. If the disease goes long enough without a diagnosis, they may even go blind. If your dog shows any of these signs, take him in for blood work and a urinalysis. Among the breeds that have a tendency for diabetes are golden and Labrador retrievers, German shepherd dogs, keeshonds, poodles, and pugs.

Managing Diabetes

There's no cure for diabetes, but it can be managed with daily insulin injections and diet. Establishing the amount of insulin your dog needs daily will require some trial and error. Some dogs can get by with one insulin shot daily, while others need two. Your veterinarian can show you how to give the injection, and with a little practice it's quite easy — even if you don't like needles. Most dogs don't seem to mind the injection, especially if you give them a treat or a meal immediately afterward. The best diet for dogs with diabetes contains good quality protein and some extra fiber to stabilize blood sugar levels. Such diets can be prepared at home, but your veterinarian may prefer to prescribe a commercial diabetes diet for your dog. Home cooking is not always consistent and can make it more difficult to regulate your dog's insulin needs. Weight loss through exercise and diet is also important in managing the disease. Your dog will need periodic blood work to assess how well the disease is being managed.