In March 1947, a young Bedouin goat herder followed two of his wandering goats into the cliffs along the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea. After one of the goats entered an opening in the rocks, Muhammad picked up a rock and tossed it through a second opening. Hearing the sound of breaking pottery, he entered the cave and found scrolls wrapped in linen cloth inside clay jars. This chapter explores the significance of this great archaeological discovery.