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Early European Contacts

Some believe that around the year 1000, the Norse explorer Leif Ericson, the second son of Eric the Red, who landed in Greenland in 982, found the North American shore, which he called Vinland (later called Newfoundland) for its profusion of wild grapes. The saga tells that he fitted out an expedition and sailed west, in an attempt to gather proof of the claims made by the Icelandic trader Bjarni Herjulfsson. In 986 Herjulfsson, driven far off course by a fierce storm between Iceland and Greenland, had reported sighting hilly, heavily forested land far to the west. Herjulfsson, though likely the first European to see the continent of North America, never set foot on its shores. Some believe Leif Ericson settled in Newfoundland, while others favor Nova Scotia, or even New England. In 1963, archaeologists found ruins of a Viking settlement in northern Newfoundland — a settlement that corresponds to Ericson's description of Vinland. Leif's brother Thorvald established a colony, but relations with the natives were poor. There are archaeological remains of native settlements in Newfoundland, and both Norse sagas and native oral history describe the encounters between the cultures. The inhabitants that the Vikings met were probably the Beothuk, though they may also have encountered the Micmac. Eventually, the Vikings were forced to flee. There is no other record of Europeans reaching the American continents until the time of Columbus.

The level of the oceans has risen nearly 395 feet since the last ice age, about 18,000 years ago. Since 1992, the ocean levels have been rising at a rate of one-eighth inch each year. Many scientists have concluded that the rise in the sea levels is a direct result of the warming of the planet, often referred to as global warming.

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  2. American History
  3. The Pre-Columbian Americas
  4. Early European Contacts
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