When James Madison took office in 1809, he was already well known for his contributions to the Bill of Rights. Much of Madison's presidency was filled with continued tension with foreign governments. The Embargo Act of 1807, prohibiting U.S. vessels from trading with European nations and passed by Congress over Federalist opposition, seriously harmed the U.S. economy and was replaced two years later with the Non-Intercourse Act, which forbade trade with France and Great Britain.